When the bystander-calculus model is applied to the Kitty Genovese murder, bystander apathy could be accounted for by:

A) considering the personal costs of helping, e.g., being killed.
B) experiencing sufficient empathic concern.
C) thinking the victim was capable of handling the situation.
D) thinking the attacker probably had reason to attack.

Bystander-Calculus Model

In attending to an emergency, the bystander calculates the perceived costs and benefits of providing help compared with those associated with not helping.

Bystander Apathy

A phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present.

Personal Costs

The sacrifices or losses endured by an individual as a consequence of making a decision or taking an action.