Kate, a long-time coffee drinker, complains of pounding headaches and lowered mood when she skips her coffee in the morning.What is the likely cause of these complaints?

A) removal of a psychoactive drug from diet
B) a change in GABA
C) psychological addiction
D) a placebo effect

Psychoactive Drug

A chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior.

GABA

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain that helps regulate neural activity.

Psychological Addiction

A form of addiction characterized by a perceived need to use a substance or engage in an activity to achieve a sense of satisfaction or to avoid discomfort, without the physiological dependence associated with substance abuse.