In a completely randomized design for ANOVA, the number of degrees of freedom for the numerator and denominator are 3 and 16, respectively. The total number of observations must equal:

A) 20
B) 48
C) 32
D) 19
E) 24

Degrees of Freedom

The number of independent values in a statistical calculation that can vary without violating any constraints applied to them, often informing the complexity of an analysis or test.

Completely Randomized Design

An experimental design where all subjects are assigned randomly to various treatments, ensuring that the experiment does not systematically favor any outcomes.