A study is considered internally valid if __________.

A) the experimental and control groups are treated differently from one another, except for experimental manipulation
B) all confounds have been measured
C) the experimental and control groups are treated identically, including experimental manipulation
D) all confounds have been eliminated

Internally Valid

The extent to which a research study provides evidence of a cause-and-effect relationship between variables, within the context of the study.

Confounds

Variables that researcher failed to control, or eliminate, damaging the internal validity of an experiment by providing alternative explanations for outcomes.

Experimental Manipulation

The deliberate alteration of the independent variable in an experiment in order to learn about its effects on the dependent variable.