A graph illustrating how a variable changes over time is called a time-series graph.

Time-series Graph

is a visual representation of data points ordered in time, typically shown on a graph with the x-axis representing time and the y-axis representing the variable of interest.

Variable

In economics, it refers to any quantity that can change or vary within a model or equation, impacting outcomes.

Time

A continuous, irreversible progression through past, present, and future, which is a fundamental dimension in which events occur in sequence.